完全植入式静脉输液港相关感染的危险因素

目的了解完全植入式静脉输液港相关感染发病情况,探讨其危险因素。方法选取河南省某三甲医院2013年1月—2016年12月使用完全植入式静脉输液港的2 098例乳腺癌患者为研究对象。采用巢式病例对照研究方法,以监测期间出现输液港相关感染的26例患者为病例组,按照1∶2的比例,随机选取同期进行该类手术的52例患者为对照组,比较两组在一般资料、研究指标方面的差异。采用logistic回归模型进行输液港相关感染的危险因素分析。结果监测期间,输液港植入患者共置管274 838 d,26例患者发生输液港相关感染,发病率为1.24%,日发病率为0.09‰;感染病原体以表皮葡萄球菌为主(占30.77%);有糖尿病史(OR=3.61,95%CI:1.27~10.11)、置港时长≥90 d(OR=4.71,95%CI:1.65~13.22)、手术时长≥40 min(OR=3.60,95%CI:1.34~9.64)为患者发生输液港相关感染的独立危险因素。结论应加强对植入输液港患者的监测和随访,特别是对患有糖尿病、置管时间长、手术时间长的患者更应密切关注,以利于输液港相关感染的预防与控制。     

心脏人工瓣膜术后真菌性心内膜炎2例报告及治疗策略文献综述

目的探讨心脏人工瓣膜置换术后真菌性心内膜炎的治疗策略。方法对2例心脏人工瓣膜术后并发严重真菌感染病例进行回顾性分析,并进行相关文献复习。结果 2例患者术后并发真菌性心内膜炎,均影响瓣膜功能,术后均反复住院,病例一,心脏术后45 d出现发热,返院复诊,予以急诊在体外循环下行再次二尖瓣置换术,术后赘生物培养为黄曲霉菌;病例二,心脏术后5个月在体外循环下行主动脉壁赘生物清除,术后赘生物病理提示毛霉菌。2例患者均及时手术清除感染灶并进行规范抗真菌治疗,曲霉菌感染患者抢救无效,毛霉菌感染患者治愈,后者抗真菌治疗强度更大。结论心脏人工瓣膜置换术后并发真菌性心内膜炎,预防是关键,治疗要及时、有效,抗真菌药物必须足量、足疗程。     

一所三级综合医院安全注射管理效果的多维度评价

目的探讨科学有效的安全注射管理方法,为提高安全注射行为依从率、实现安全注射持续改进提供参考。方法制定安全注射专项工作方案,开展基线调查和安全注射相关培训,制定安全注射制度和标准操作规程,加强现场督导检查和考核,比较干预前(2016年5月基线调查)、干预后(2017年)安全注射设施配置合格率、理论考试成绩、行为依从率、锐器伤发生率等量化指标的变化。结果通过综合干预,全院安全注射各项设施配置率均97%,各项医疗废物规范处置合格率均93%,速干手消剂全院实际平均消耗量从(5.56±2.13)mL/床·日,增加至(9.95±5.38)mL/床·日;医院工作人员安全注射知识考试平均成绩由干预前的(71.20±12.22)分,上升至干预后的(92.59±5.99)分;干预前医务人员安全注射依从率为62.50%,干预后为88.53%,各组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。一周内全院锐器伤例次上报率从干预前的15.79%上升至干预后的71.43%;全年各科室锐器伤例次发生率、每百住院日例次发生率分别从干预前的9.98%和0.0276%,下降至干预后的5.31%、0.0168%,差异均有统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论有效的综合干预措施,可以强化安全注射意识,提高安全注射行为依从率,有效防范因非安全注射导致的医务人员职业伤害事件的发生,阻断医院感染传播。     

Exploring the roles and factors influencing community health workers’ performance in managing and referring severe acute malnutrition cases in two subdistricts in South Africa

As primary providers of preventive and curative community case management services in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), community health workers (CHWs) have emerged as a formalised part of the health system (HS). However, discourses on their practices as formalised cadres of the HS are limited. Therefore, we examined their role in care, referral (to clinics) and rehabilitation of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) cases. Focusing on SAM was essential since it is a global public health problem associated with 30% of all South Africa's (SA's) child deaths in 2015. Guided by a policy analysis framework, a qualitative case study was conducted in two rural subdistricts of North West province. From April to August 2016, data collected from CHW's training manuals and guideline reviews, 20 patient record reviews and 15 in‐depth interviews with four CHW leaders and 11 CHWs. Using thematic content analysis which was guided by the Walt and Gilson policy triangle, data was manually analysed to derive emerging themes on case management and administrative structures. The study found that although CHWs were responsible for identifying, referring, and rehabilitating SAM cases, they neglected curative roles of stabilisation before referral and treatment of uncomplicated cases. Such limitations resulted from restrictive CHW policies, inadequate training, lack of supportive supervision and essential resources. Concurrently, the CHW program was based on weak operational and administrative structures which challenged CHWs practices. Poor curative components and weak operational structures in this context compromised the use of CHWs in LMICs to strengthen primary healthcare. If CHWs are to contribute to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 3 by reducing SAM mortality, strategies on community management of acute malnutrition coupled with thorough training, supportive supervision, firm operational structures, adequate resources and providers’ motivation should be adopted by governments.     

Vouchers for primary healthcare services in an ageing world? The perspectives of elderly voucher recipients in Hong Kong

Considering the ageing population in economically advanced regions across the world, measures are necessary to enhance the health of the older population as well as contain public healthcare spending. Hong Kong implements the Elderly Health Care Voucher Scheme (EHCVS), providing older people aged 65 or above an annual subsidy of visiting private healthcare service providers for chronic disease prevention and management. The services also aim at reallocating demand from the public to private sector as well as improve quality of services. This qualitative study explored the experiences of EHCVS recipients (n = 55, aged 61–94) with eight focus group interviews in Hong Kong in the year 2016. Convenience sampling was used. Research questions were: (1) Why do older people choose not to use EHCVS for preventive as well as disease management services among older people in Hong Kong? (2) What are the barriers to reallocating demand from the public to private sector? (3) In what ways did EHCVS improve the quality of primary care services for older people? Using a deductive and inductive approach, eight qualitative themes were identified. Findings suggested that the non‐targeted services and inadequate knowledge on EHCVS deterred older people from using the vouchers for disease management and prevention. The relatively expensive private services, lack of trust in the private sector, low public clinic fees and good services quality of the public sector, together with inadequate private practitioners in the healthcare market were barriers that hinder demand reallocation. Nevertheless, the quality of primary care services had been improved after the implementation of EHCVS with shortened wait times and opportunities to discuss health‐related issues with private practitioners. Findings were discussed with practice, policy and research implications.     

欧盟跨境就医管理模式对中国跨省异地就医的经验借鉴

随着欧洲一体化进程的深入,如何有序管理公民在各成员国之间跨境就医成为欧盟一项重要议题。多年来欧盟社会医疗保险在保障患者跨境就医上已建立一套较为完善的管理模式并受到全世界关注,其社会保障的实践对我国跨省异地就医管理具有借鉴意义。本研究通过系统梳理欧盟跨境就医管理模式,并着重比较欧盟与中国在异地就医对象、异地就医授权、服务机构、就医服务类型、异地医保报销五个方面的异同,为进一步完善我国跨省异地就医管理提供经验借鉴。本研究建议,各省应同步推进跨省就医政策,加快相关工作的落实;增强参保地医保管理机构的审核权限和能力以构建有序就医秩序;同时,在严格审核下拓宽更加合理的跨省就医服务机构网络;最后,鉴于医保对异地就医机构行为缺乏了解,应通过国家异地就医网络,加强医疗机构提供异地就医服务中的监管。     

智慧医院互联网化服务设计与应用研究

以北京大学第三医院互联网诊疗服务应用为例,介绍智慧医院互联网化服务体系与安全体系设计以及具体应用实践,阐述智慧医院互联网诊疗服务构建策略。     

面向基层医疗的人工智能辅助系统开发与应用

目的:结合人工智能技术构建面向基层医疗的辅助系统,达到提高基层医疗服务水平与工作效率的目的。方法:基于自然语言处理、语音识别、语音合成等人工智能技术,开发面向基层医疗的人工智能辅助系统。结果:通过开发的系统,在病历质控、辅助诊疗、医嘱质控、外呼随访等实际落地应用中辅助医生临床工作。结论:人工智能辅助系统可以有效提升基层医疗的工作效率与服务质量;最后总结目前系统存在的问题以及未来的发展方向。     

基层医疗卫生机构设置发热哨点诊室的建议与思考

基层医疗卫生机构在突发公共卫生事件应急网络中起到“网底”的作用。在基层医疗卫生机构设置发热哨点诊室有利于实现突发公共卫生事件和发热诊室“早发现、早诊断、早隔离和及时上报”,从而控制疫情进展。目前,我国正在加紧基层医疗卫生机构发热哨点诊室的建设,对其建设标准和职能有了初步的规定。根据相关文件要求,基层医疗卫生机构发热哨点诊室的最低标准应包括建设布局、硬件和软件配置三方面的内容,针对目前基层医疗卫生机构普遍存在的问题,应加强社区卫生应急体系建设、广泛开展人员培训与工作督导、建设便捷通畅的信息网络,规范建设发热哨点诊室并实施持续性运行管理,才能有效发挥发热哨点诊室的作用,使之在公共卫生事件应急体系中发挥重要的“网底”作用。